Probability- chance an event will occur

Trait- characteristic of an organism, such as hair color, eye color, tall or short stems

Express- Show the characteristic

I. Genetics - the study of how traits are inherited.

1. Mendel- father of genetics, studied plants and determined the pattern of inherited traits and could predict the probability of inheriting traits.

Heredity: passing on traits to next or future generations

1. A gene or group of genes on chromosome(s) control(s) each trait.
2. In sexual reproduction, the organism receives genes from each parent for almost every trait (exception- sex linked traits on X and chromosomes)
3. Alleles- the different forms a gene may have for a trait.
4. Mendel- noticed that with some traits, even though the organism had two different alleles for a trait, (an example is tall and short stem pea plants, that one allele seems to always express itself over the other.

Tall is expressed over short

5. The trait that "dominated =dominant trait.
6. The trait that seemed to disappear was said to be recessive.
7. Both alleles for a certain trait alike = purebred (homozygous)
8. If both alleles are different = crossbred or hybrid (heterozygous)
9. Incomplete dominance: trait is somewhere in between the different alleles; both traits are expressed, example:
10. Multiple alleles: both traits are expressed (co-dominant); blood type is an example.
11. Polgenic inheritance: more than one gene ( a group of genes) controls a trait; eye color, skin color
12. Genotype: genetic makeup of an organism- what genes an organism has for a trait.
13. Phenotype: the physical appearance of the trait

Predictions and Probability: making a guess about something in the future based on what happened in the past by determining the possibility of something happening.

1. Punnett Square: a tool for determining the possibility of a trait being handed down and expressed. Capital letter = dominant allele for trait; lower case letter = recessive allele

II Human Genetics:

1. Unwanted genetic traits (over 3000 genetic disorders)

1. caused by an unwanted/harmful mutation
2. may be passed on to offspring
3. usually recessive (therefore both alleles must have the trait for it to be expressed- if not they are ar carrier for the trait)

1. Recessive genetic disorders

1. sickle-cell anemia- red blood cells have a sickle shape/ can’t transport enough oxygen
2. cystic fibrosis- thick mucus instead of thin lubricating fluid produced to lubricate lungs etc
3. Sex-linked disorders: disorders that are linked to the X sex chromosome (almost all are on the X chromosome). If the male has an X chromosome with the trait he will have the trait. If a female has two X’s each with the trait she will have it. If only one X has the trait she will be a carrier of the trait.

1. Genetic Engineering: changing DNA sequence of a gene already used to make medicine and imrove crops (disease and drought resistant and more yield = nutritious)

III. Human Genome Project: All human genetic material

1. DNA sequencing: determining order and location of each gene
2. Info can be used to determine risk or possibility of expressing or carrying a genetic deisease.
3. Repair genetic disorders

II Human Genetics:

1. Unwanted genetic traits (over 3000 genetic disorders)

1. caused by an unwanted/harmful mutation
2. may be passed on to offspring
3. usually recessive (therefore both alleles must have the trait for it to be expressed- if not they are ar carrier for the trait)

1. Recessive genetic disorders

1. sickle-cell anemia- red blood cells have a sickle shape/ can’t transport enough oxygen
2. cystic fibrosis- thick mucus instead of thin lubricating fluid produced to lubricate lungs etc
3. Sex-linked disorders: disorders that are linked to the X sex chromosome (almost all are on the X chromosome). If the male has an X chromosome with the trait he will have the trait. If a female has two X’s each with the trait she will have it. If only one X has the trait she will be a carrier of the trait.

1. Genetic Engineering: changing DNA sequence of a gene already used to make medicine and imrove crops (disease and drought resistant and more yield = nutritious)

III. Human Genome Project: All human genetic material

1. DNA sequencing: determining order and location of each gene
2. Info can be used to determine risk or possibility of expressing or carrying a genetic deisease.
3. Repair genetic disorders